The Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer
membrane that plays a key role in host–pathogen interactions with the innate immune …

Whole-genome sequencing has opened the way for investigating the dynamics and
genomic evolution of bacterial pathogens during the colonization and infection of humans …

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is present in roughly 50% of the human population worldwide
and infection levels reach over 70% in developing countries. The infection has classically …

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica is traditionally subdivided into serovars by
serological and nutritional characteristics. We used Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) to …

The causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), M ycobacterium tuberculosis, is an obligate
pathogen that evolved to exclusively persist in human populations. For M. tuberculosis to …

Tuberculosis caused 20% of all human deaths in the Western world between the
seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and remains a cause of high mortality in developing …

Plague is a pandemic human invasive disease caused by the bacterial agent Yersinia
pestis. We here report a comparison of 17 whole genomes of Y. pestis isolates from global …

Helicobacter pylori, a member of Epsilonproteobacteria, is a Gram-negative microaerophilic
bacterium that colonizes gastric mucosa of about 50% of the human population. Although …

When modern humans left Africa ca. 60,000 years ago (60 kya), they were already infected
with Helicobacter pylori, and these bacteria have subsequently diversified in parallel with …

Bacterial pathogens evolve during the infection of their human host 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, but
separating adaptive and neutral mutations remains challenging 9, 10, 11. Here we identify …