Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the
global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary …

Plasmopara viticola is geographically widespread in grapevine‐growing regions. Grapevine
downy mildew disease, caused by this biotrophic pathogen, leads to considerable yield …

Phytophthora genomes encode a myriad of Crinkler (CRN) effectors, some of which contain
putative kinase domains. Little is known about the host targets of these kinase-domain …

Pathogens secrete a large number of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an
environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by …

Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most devastating
diseases in viticulture. Plasmopara viticola secretes RxLR effectors to modulate immune …

Litchi downy blight, caused by the phytopathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii, results
in tremendous economic loss in litchi production every year. To successfully colonize the …

Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most
significant production challenges for the grape and wine industry. P. viticola injects a …

Plasmopara viticola, the causal organism of grapevine downy mildew, secretes a vast array
of effectors to manipulate host immunity. Previously, several cell death‐inducing PvRXLR …

Plant pathogenic oomycetes deliver a troop of effector proteins into the nucleus of host cells
to manipulate plant cellular immunity and promote colonization. Recently, researchers have …

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most serious fungous diseases in
rice. In the past decades, studies have reported that numerous M. oryzae effectors were …