The lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS by interacting with a large
number of different cells in the body and escaping the host immune response against it. HIV …

Soon after HIV was discovered as the cause of AIDS in 1983–1984, there was an
expectation that a preventive vaccine would be rapidly developed. In trying to achieve that …

To determine which mucosal immunization routes may be optimal for induction of antibodies
in the rectum and female genital tract, groups of women were immunized a total of three …

Cholera toxin (CT) and the analogous heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli
have several immunomodulating effects which alone or in combination might explain their …

HIV-specific mucosal and cellular immunity was analyzed in heterosexual couples
discordant for HIV status in serum and in HIV-unexposed controls. HIV-specific IgA but not …

Forty-five volunteers were vaccinated twice intranasally with 10, 100, or 1,000 microg of
cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). Blood and nasal and vaginal secretions were collected before …

Mucosal tissues are major sites of HIV entry and initial infection. Thus, the induction of a
mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is an important feature for an effective HIV …

In order study patterns of local antibody responses following mucosal immunization of mice
via different routes, a method for collection of secretions directly from mucosal surfaces was …

The induction of effective mucosal immunity that also provides systemic immunity is a
considerable challenge. Over the past two years, efforts to develop novel mucosal vaccine …

Although protection in animal models against intravenous challenges with simian
immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been reported, no previous vaccines have protected …