Energetically speaking, ribosome biogenesis is by far the most costly process of the cell and,
therefore, must be highly regulated in order to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure. Not …

Sindbis virus (SINV) contains an RNA genome of positive polarity with two open reading
frames (ORFs). The first ORF is translated from the genomic RNA (gRNA), rendering the viral …

Various tumors metastasize via lymph vessels and lymph nodes to distant organs. Even
though tumors are hypoxic, the mechanisms of how hypoxia regulates lymphangiogenesis …

Translation of Sindbis virus subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) can occur after inactivation of
eIF2 by phosphorylation in mammalian cells. Several studies have suggested that eIF2 can …

Background Leishmania parasites are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by phlebotomine
sandflies and, in humans, may cause tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. The role of …

Rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) is a mammalian cell-free system for protein production.
However, one of the limitations of this system is its low protein yield. Inclusion of …

Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β and the double-stranded RNA-dependent
kinase PKR are two sentinel kinases that carry-out multiple similar yet distinct functions in …

Abstract Pateamine A (Pat A) is a natural marine product that interacts specifically with the
translation initiation factor eIF4A leading to the disruption of the eIF4F complex. In the …

The leader protease (L pro) from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has the ability to
cleave eIF4G, leading to a blockade of cellular protein synthesis. In contrast to previous …

Translation initiation of alphavirus subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) can occur in the absence
of several initiation factors (eIFs) in infected cells; however, the precise translation …