Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized
by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in …

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules which foment
inflammation and are associated with disorders in sepsis and cancer. Thus, therapeutically …

Pyroptosis and necroptosis represent two pathways of genetically encoded necrotic cell
death. Although these cell death programmes can protect the host against microbial …

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are proteins capable of recognizing molecules
frequently found in pathogens (the so-called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns …

Mitochondrial dysfunction constitutes one of the hallmarks of aging and is characterized by
irregular mitochondrial morphology, insufficient ATP production, accumulation of …

Pyroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is mediated by the membrane-targeting, pore-
forming gasdermin family of proteins. Pyroptosis was initially described as a caspase 1-and …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor
microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression …

Old individuals are more susceptible to various infections due to immunological changes
that occur during the aging process. These changes named collectively as …

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is induced by inflammatory signals in a broad number of immune
cell types. IL-1β (and IL-18) are the only cytokines which are processed by caspase-1 after …

Neutrophil migration and its role during inflammation has been the focus of increased
interest in the past decade. Advances in live imaging and the use of new model systems …