The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented
in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women …

Sex steroids have been widely described to be associated with a number of human
diseases, including hormone-dependent tumors. Several studies have been concerned …

Background Tamoxifen resistance remains a clinical challenge for hormone receptor-
positive breast cancer. Recently, dysregulations in autophagy have been suggested as a …

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and resistance to the
current therapeutics, often concurrently, is an increasing clinical challenge. By …

Cancer complexity constantly challenges the way that clinicians manage breast cancer
therapy. Tumor heterogeneity and intratumoral stroma characteristics allow cells with …

Around 70% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha positive and hence their
development is highly dependent on estradiol. While the invention of endocrine therapies …

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) functions as a ligand dependent transcription factor that directly
binds specific estrogen responsive elements, thus regulating the transcription of estrogen …

Therapies targeting estrogen receptor α (ERα) including selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs), eg., tamoxifen; selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) …

Introduction Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important players
in oncogenesis. Considering the widespread use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in endocrine …

Tamoxifen is still the most frequently used antiestrogen for the treatment of patients with
premenopausal, estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. However, in 20–30% of these …