Immune cell functions are regulated by co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. The first
two generations of cancer immunotherapy agents consist primarily of antagonist antibodies …

Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) retarget and reprogramme T cells to
augment their antitumour efficacy. The combined activating and co-stimulatory domains …

In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of B cells, I take a look back at the
history of T cell help to B cells, which was discovered 47 years ago. In addition, I summarize …

Naive CD4+ T cell differentiation into distinct subsets of T helper (Th) cells is a pivotal
process in the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Allergens predominantly stimulate …

The characterization of the microenvironment of human tumors led to the description of
tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) characterized by mature dendritic cells in a T‐cell zone …

T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of
immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells are the specialized providers of …

Over the last 15 years, the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) has been implicated in
various immune outcomes, including the induction and regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 …

The nature of follicular helper CD4+ T (Tfh) cell differentiation remains controversial,
including the minimal signals required for Tfh cell differentiation and the time at which Tfh …

Mice are the experimental tool of choice for the majority of immunologists and the study of
their immune responses has yielded tremendous insight into the workings of the human …

PD-1 is a receptor of the Ig superfamily that negatively regulates T cell antigen receptor
signaling by interacting with the specific ligands (PD-L) and is suggested to play a role in the …