Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential
concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic …

Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry
with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New …

A recurrent theme in evolutionary biology is to contrast natural selection and developmental
constraint–two forces pitted against each other as competing explanations for organismal …

Bird beaks are textbook examples of ecological adaptation to diet, but their shapes are also
controlled by genetic and developmental histories. To test the effects of these factors on the …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …

Evolutionary morphologists frequently wish to understand the extent to which organisms are
integrated, and whether the strength of morphological integration among subsets of …

The diversifications of Darwin's finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers are two text-book
examples of adaptive radiation in birds. Why these two bird groups radiated while the …

Morphological modularity arises in complex living beings due to a semi‐independent
inheritance, development, and function of body parts. Modularity helps us to understand the …

Metamorphosis is widespread across the animal kingdom and induces fundamental
changes in the morphology, habitat and resources used by an organism during its lifetime …