The gut-brain axis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Many intrinsic and
extrinsic factors influence signaling along this axis, modulating the function of both the …

I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS...
1907 IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Ageing and age-related diseases share some basic mechanistic pillars that largely
converge on inflammation. During ageing, chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation—called …

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that
contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian …

The concept of the gut microbiome is emerging as a metabolic interactome influenced by
diet, xenobiotics, genetics, and other environmental factors that affect the host's absorption …

The gut microbial ecosystem, which is a collection of the host-microbiota interactions and the
inter-species interplay among bacteria-dominated microbiota, has become a research …

Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are blebs of either plasma membrane or intracellular
membranes carrying a cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. EVs are produced by …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays an essential role in food digestion, absorption, and the
mucosal immune system; it is also inhabited by a huge range of microbes. The GI tract is …