Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is the principal mediator of growth hormone (GH), plays a
crucial role in promoting cell growth and differentiation in childhood and continues to have …

There is widespread anecdotal evidence that growth hormone (GH) is used by athletes for
its anabolic and lipolytic properties. Although there is little evidence that GH improves …

Objective: The development of these guidelines is sponsored by the American Association
of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Board of Directors and American College of …

In skeletal muscle and tendon the extracellular matrix confers important tensile properties
and is crucially important for tissue regeneration after injury. Musculoskeletal tissue …

The syndrome of adult GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement therapy provide a
useful model with which to study the effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on exercise physiology …

For decades, blood testing has been an integral part of routine doping controls. The breadth
of information contained in blood samples has become considerably more accessible for …

Drug use and abuse is perhaps the biggest challenge facing sport today. However, in the
eye of the storm of public and press opinion and with medals and morals at stake, it can be …

The earliest records of doping in sport come from the Ancient Olympics games when
athletes are reported to have taken figs to improve their performance. With the advent of …

Hormones with anabolic properties such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-
1 (IGF-I), and insulin are commonly abused among professional and recreational athletes to …

Objective To measure a profile of hormones in a group of elite athletes. Increasing
awareness of the widespread use of hormones as performance‐enhancing agents focusses …