Background Lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
infections like influenza, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma and …

Pathological pain can be initiated after inflammation and/or peripheral nerve injury. It is a
consequence of the pathological functioning of the nervous system rather than only a …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability, and treatment alternatives that
generate beneficial outcomes and have no side effects are urgently needed. SCI may be …

Background Berberine hydrochloride is one the effective compound among Rhizoma
Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri, and other plants. There are several clinical functions of …

Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent symptoms of disease and may be useful
adaptations to protect vulnerable tissues. Both may, however, also emerge as diseases in …

Caffeine, a xanthine alkaloid compound, is consumed widely and daily by humans, as it is
present in several regular beverages such as tea, coffee, soda beverages, and some drugs …

Neuropathy is the most common and debilitating complication of diabetes and results in
pain, decreased motility, and amputation. Diabetic neuropathy encompasses a variety of …

The air that we breathe contains nearly 21% oxygen, most of which is utilized by
mitochondria during respiration. While we cannot live without it, it was perceived as a bane …

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes, affecting 50% of diabetic
patients. Currently, the only treatment for diabetic neuropathy is glucose control and careful …

Oxygen is used by eukaryotic cells for metabolic transformations and energy production in
mitochondria. Under physiological conditions, there is a constant endogenous production of …