The nature of the early martian climate is one of the major unanswered questions of
planetary science. Key challenges remain, but a new wave of orbital and in situ observations …

Stable, hydrogen-burning, M dwarf stars make up about 75% of all stars in the Galaxy. They
are extremely long-lived, and because they are much smaller in mass than the Sun …

Global mineralogical mapping of Mars by the Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les
Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA) instrument on the European Space Agency's Mars Express …

Reconciling the geology of Mars with models of atmospheric evolution remains a major
challenge. Martian geology is characterized by past evidence for episodic surface liquid …

Martian moons exploration, MMX, is the new sample return mission planned by the Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) targeting the two Martian moons with the scheduled …

On the basis of geological evidence, it is often stated that the early martian climate was
warm enough for liquid water to flow on the surface thanks to the greenhouse effect of a thick …

The habitability of the surface of any planet is determined by a complex evolution of its
interior, surface, and atmosphere. The electromagnetic and particle radiation of stars drive …

Abstract A new Mars Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (M‐GITM) is presented that
combines the terrestrial GITM framework with Mars fundamental physical parameters, ion …

Atmospheric erosion of CO2-rich Earth-size exoplanets due to coronal mass ejection (CME)-
induced ion pick up within close-in habitable zones of active M-type dwarf stars is …

Recent measurements of the volatile composition of the coma of Comet 67P/Churyumov–
Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) allow constraints to be set on the origin of volatile elements …