Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain. Their clinical
application is undisputed in acute (eg, postoperative) and cancer pain, but their long-term …

The highly disagreeable sensation of pain results from an extraordinarily complex and
interactive series of mechanisms integrated at all levels of the neuroaxis, from the periphery …

One of the cardinal features of inflammatory states is that normally innocuous stimuli
produce pain. Since the publication of the Melzack±Wall gate control theory in 1965, 45 it …

We analyze the effects of a multimodal analgesic regimen on postoperative pain, function,
adverse effects and satisfaction compared to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Thirty-six …

Background: Postoperative analgesia with the use of parenteral opioids or epidural
analgesia can be associated with troublesome side effects. Good perioperative analgesia …

The treatment of severe pain with opioids has thus far been limited by their unwanted central
side effects. Recent research promises new approaches, including opioid analgesics acting …

Pain can be effectively diminished by various endogenous mechanisms within the central
nervous system. One region where these mechanisms have been well characterized is the …

Introduction: Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain,
but they are burdened by detrimental side effects such as respiratory depression, addiction …

Improvements in pain management techniques in the last decade have had a major impact
on the practice of total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA). Although there are a …

Pain is one of the main postoperative adverse outcomes. Single analgesics, either opioid or
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are not able to provide effective pain relief …