The molecular mechanisms of cellular insulin action have been the focus of much
investigation since the discovery of the hormone 100 years ago. Insulin action is impaired in …

The insulin receptor (IR) gene undergoes differential splicing that generates two IR isoforms,
IR-A and IR-B. The physiological roles of IR isoforms are incompletely understood and …

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are single-span transmembrane receptors in which
relatively conserved intracellular kinase domains are coupled to divergent extracellular …

In mammals, the insulin receptor (IR) gene has acquired an additional exon, exon 11. This
exon may be skipped in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. The IR, therefore …

The insulin receptor is a dimeric protein that has a crucial role in controlling glucose
homeostasis, regulating lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and modulating brain …

Insulin receptor signalling has a central role in mammalian biology, regulating cellular
metabolism, growth, division, differentiation and survival,. Insulin resistance contributes to …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects a large population worldwide. T2DM is a complex
heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia and impaired insulin …

Insulin signaling controls metabolic homeostasis. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of
full-length insulin receptor (IR) and insulin complex in the active state. This structure …

Background The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its ongoing use since that time in
the treatment of diabetes belies the molecular complexity of its structure and that of its …

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling controls multiple facets of animal physiology. Maximally four
insulins bind to IR at two distinct sites, termed site-1 and site-2. However, the precise …