Since both the spatial and vertical heterogeneities in soil properties have an impact on crop
growth and yield, accurate characterization of soil properties at high sampling resolution is a …

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is the most widely used non-destructive method to
determine the water content of soils and other porous media. TDR equipment can be …

Transmission line‐type electromagnetic (EM) methods for estimating soil volumetric water
content (θv) have advanced significantly in recent years, with many sensing systems now …

The projected intensification of agriculture to meet food targets of a rapidly growing world
population are likely to accentuate already acute problems of soil compaction and …

Performance differences in the growing number of electromagnetic (EM) sensors designed
to estimate soil water content from a variety of indirect measurements (eg, from measured …

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) has become a standard method for determining water
content in soils. However, the cost of instrumentation and the level of user-ability required …

This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content,
and water hydraulic conductivity (permeability). Main problems in the use of field …

In this paper, a time domain reflectometry (TDR)-based system for measuring water content
of raw construction materials is presented. The proposed system relies on the fact that the …

Many porous media in which we determine water content are aggregated and characterized
by a dual‐porosity pore network, composed of interaggregate pores and intra‐aggregate …

Soil bulk density (ρb) is a critical parameter for describing soil structure and physical
processes, yet traditional methods are unable to capture spatial and temporal changes in …