Significance: Surgical microscopes provide adjustable magnification, bright illumination, and
clear visualization of the surgical field and have been increasingly used in operating rooms …

BACKGROUND The advent of the operating microscope (OM) revolutionized the field of
neurosurgery. It allowed surgeons to operate on and effectively treat diseases previously …

Research in the field of medical image is an important part of the medical robot to operate
human organs. A medical robot is the intersection of multi-disciplinary research fields, in …

Background The use of 3D laparoscopic systems is expanding. The European Association
of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) initiated a consensus development conference with the aim …

Just as laparoscopic surgery provided a giant leap in safety and recovery for patients over
open surgery methods, robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) is doing the same to laparoscopic …

Binocular disparity provides one of the important depth cues within stereoscopic three‐
dimensional (3D) visualization technology. However, there is limited research on its effect on …

At present, feature-based 3D reconstruction and tracking technology is widely applied in the
medical field. In minimally invasive surgery, the surgeon can achieve three-dimensional …

Optimal visualization is one of the most challenging aspects of performing vitreoretinal
surgery. In situations where conventional microscopic techniques provide poor posterior …

Background Laparoscopic surgery has well-established benefits for patients; however,
laparoscopic procedures have a long and difficult learning curve, in large part due to the …

Background The effectiveness of practical surgical training is characterised by an inherent
learning curve. Decisive are individual initial starting capabilities, learning speed, ideal …