Interoception refers to the representation of the internal states of an organism, and includes
the processes by which it senses, interprets, integrates, and regulates signals from within …

In high-income countries, the biggest cause of premature death, defined as death before 70
years, is smoking of manufactured cigarettes. Smoking-related disease was responsible for …

Drug monitoring plays crucial roles in doping control and precision medicine. It helps
physicians tailor drug dosage for optimal benefits, track patients' compliance to …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) system represents a primary cell-signaling
pathway throughout systems and across species. PKA facilitates the actions of hormones …

Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and
glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the …

Imbalances in NAD+ homeostasis have been linked to aging and various diseases.
Nicotine, a metabolite of the NAD+ metabolic pathway, has been found to possess anti …

Over the last decade, the understanding of the habenula has rapidly advanced from being
an understudied brain area with the Latin name 'habena” meaning “little rein”, to being …

Sweat contains a broad range of important biomarkers, which may be beneficial for
acquiring non-invasive biochemical information on human health status. Therefore, highly …

The central nervous system has long been thought to regulate insulin secretion, an essential
process in the maintenance of blood glucose levels. However, the anatomical and functional …