The use of data from the real world to address clinical and policy-relevant questions that
cannot be answered using data from clinical trials is garnering increased interest. Indeed …

Background Researchers and organizations often use evidence from randomized controlled
trials (RCTs) to determine the efficacy of a treatment or intervention under ideal conditions …

Presents the Terminology and Methods of Mendelian Randomization for Epidemiological
StudiesMendelian randomization uses genetic instrumental variables to make inferences …

Understanding and improving the prognosis of a disease or health condition is a priority in
clinical research and practice. In this article, the authors introduce a framework of four …

Routinely collected health data, obtained for administrative and clinical purposes without
specific a priori research goals, are increasingly used for research. The rapid evolution and …

Background: Growth failure is associated with adverse consequences, but studies need to
control adequately for confounding. Objective: We related height-for-age z scores (HAZs) …

Natural experimental studies are often recommended as a way of understanding the health
impact of policies and other large scale interventions. Although they have certain …

Background Despite being well established, acute surgery in traumatic acute subdural
haematoma is based on low-grade evidence. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of a …

Importance Although robotically assisted hysterectomy for benign gynecologic conditions
has been reported, little is known about the incorporation of the procedure into practice, its …

Abstract Real-world evidence (RWE), the understanding of treatment effectiveness in clinical
practice generated from longitudinal patient-level data from the routine operation of the …