During cellular respiration, radicals, such as superoxide, are produced, and in a large
concentration, they may cause cell damage. To combat this threat, the cell employs the …

The number of animals used in research has increased with the advancement of research
and development in medical technology. Every year, millions of experimental animals are …

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production area in the world and this productive
activity requires nutrients that fit the needs of cultured species, as well as additives or …

Bacteria and fungi can form a range of physical associations that depend on various modes
of molecular communication for their development and functioning. These bacterial-fungal …

The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia manipulates arthropod reproduction to facilitate its
maternal spread through host populations. The most common manipulation is cytoplasmic …

Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen responsible for Legionnaires' disease.
This bacterium uses the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to inject a large number of …

Vibrio coralliilyticus is a pathogen of coral and shellfish, leading to devastating economic
and ecological consequences worldwide. Although rising ocean temperatures correlate with …

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a nanomachine deployed by many Gram-negative
bacteria as a weapon against eukaryotic hosts or prokaryotic competitors. It assembles into …

Summary The Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm type IV secretion system is essential for the
biogenesis of a phagosome that supports bacterial multiplication, most likely via the …

Invasion of macrophages and replication within an acidic and degradative phagolysosome-
like vacuole are essential for disease pathogenesis by Coxiella burnetii, the bacterial agent …