When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

For decades, demands associated with the predictable life-history cycle have been
considered stressful and have not been distinguished from stress that occurs in association …

Predator‐induced stress has been used to exemplify the concept of stress for close to a
century because almost everyone can imagine the terror of fleeing for one's life from a lion or …

Over the past few decades, there has been a steep increase in the number of conservation-
related field studies that measure glucocorticoid hormones (corticosterone or cortisol) as a …

Our goal in this review is to discuss how measures beyond simple quantification of total
glucocorticoid levels are needed in comparative studies of stress. We need to measure …

The assumption that the acute response to stress is adaptive is pervasive in the literature,
but there is little direct evidence regarding potential positive fitness consequences of an …

Rapid, effective and enduring responses of physiology and behaviour to perturbations of the
environment are key to robustness of an organism (ability to resist perturbations) and …

In this perspective paper, we emphasize the importance that integrative mechanisms, and
especially the GC (glucocorticoid) stress response, can play in the ability of vertebrates to …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Glucocorticoids (corticosterone in birds and rodents and cortisol in all other mammals) are
glucoregulatory hormones that are synthesized in response to a range of stimuli including …