A single ton of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) demands around 4.0 G Joule energy and
creates about a ton of CO 2 emission. As part of our effort to preserve the environment, the …

Environmental concerns related to the disposal of various waste materials have escalated to
a worrying level. Depending on the local industries, different types of waste are generated in …

The possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with industrial by-products such as
waste foundry sand and bottom ash offers technical, economic and environmental …

Substantial amounts of marble dust are available as construction wastes. This laboratory
investigation examined the incorporation of the high volume of marble slurry as a cement …

The utilization of coal bottom ash in civil engineering is one of the most promising options to
reduce, or possibly eliminate, the environmental and social problems related to the disposal …

Proppants have evolved from their primary role of preventing fracture closure to performing
technically functional roles within reservoirs. This paper presents an extensive review of …

In the last 15 years, the worldwide consumption of natural sand as fine aggregate in
mortar/concrete production is very high and many developing countries have encountered …

Coal bottom ash is a waste material produced by the coal based thermal power plants. The
annual production of coal bottom ash (CBA) in India is 25 million tons, in US 14 million tons …

The purpose of this experimental study is to conduct a feasibility of using metakaolin (MK) as
fine aggregate replacement in concrete. Sand was partially replaced with MK at levels of …

The conservation of natural resources, efficient use of industrial side-streams, and reduction
of environmental impacts are the main targets of the construction sector worldwide …