The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved
with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near …

The cell envelope is the first line of defense between a bacterium and the world-at-large.
Often, the initial steps that determine the outcome of chemical warfare, bacteriophage …

The defining feature of the Gram-negative cell envelope is the presence of two cellular
membranes, with the specialized glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exclusively found on …

In recent years, because of increased resistance to conventional antimicrobials, many
researchers have started to study the synthesis of new antibiotics to control the disease …

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an intrinsic part of the human innate immune
system. Over 100 different human AMPs are known to exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial …

The rapid increase in drug-resistant infections has presented a serious challenge to
antimicrobial therapies. The failure of the most potent antibiotics to kill “superbugs” …

Hosts and bacteria have coevolved over millions of years, during which pathogenic bacteria
have modified their virulence mechanisms to adapt to host defense systems. Although the …

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram negative bacteria are one of the most potent stimulators
of the host innate immune system and LPS recognition is essential for the host organism to …

Lipopolysaccharide molecules represent a unique family of glycolipids based on a highly
conserved lipid moiety known as lipid A. These molecules are produced by most gram …

The increasing onset of multidrug-resistant bacteria has propelled microbiology research
towards antimicrobial peptides as new possible antibiotics from natural sources …