Adequate thyroid hormone availability is important for an uncomplicated pregnancy and
optimal fetal growth and development. Overt thyroid disease is associated with a wide range …

Iodine deficiency early in life impairs cognition and growth, but iodine status is also a key
determinant of thyroid disorders in adults. Severe iodine deficiency causes goitre and …

Background: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the
guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association …

Background: Thyrotoxicosis has multiple etiologies, manifestations, and potential therapies.
Appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting …

Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-
antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic …

The thyroid gland is the most common organ affected by autoimmune disease. Other
autoimmune diseases, most notably type 1 diabetes mellitus, are increasing in incidence. It …

Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency
disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 …

Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations that are characteristic of hyperthyroidism must
be distinguished from physiological changes in thyroid hormone economy that occur in …

Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) broadly include Graves' disease and Hashimoto's
thyroiditis which are the most common causes of thyroid gland dysfunctions. These …

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the thyroid gland. It is
the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and occurs at all ages but especially in women …