Hypothalamic syndrome (HS) is a rare disorder caused by disease-related and/or treatment-
related injury to the hypothalamus, most commonly associated with rare, non-cancerous …

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in children is defined as impaired production of GH
by the pituitary gland that results in growth failure. This disease might be congenital or …

Central congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency at
birth due to insufficient stimulation by the pituitary of the thyroid gland. The incidence of …

The anterior pituitary gland is a central regulator of growth, reproduction and homeostasis.
The development of the pituitary gland depends on the sequential temporal and spatial …

Context: Kallmann syndrome (KS), combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), and
septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) all result from development defects of the anterior midline in the …

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a congenital pituitary anatomical defect. This
syndrome is an antenatal developmental defect belonging to the holoprosencephaly …

Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph
Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have …

Context: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 is important for GnRH neuronal development with
human mutations resulting in Kallmann syndrome. Murine data suggest a role for Fgf8 in …

Opinion statement Background: Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) has developed into a leading
cause of congenital blindness. The frequently associated features of hypopituitarism and …

Introduction: Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is characterized by a deficiency of one or more
pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland is a central regulator of growth, metabolism, and …