Mammals are the most encephalized vertebrates, with the largest brains relative to body
size. Placental mammals have particularly enlarged brains, with expanded neocortices for …

During both locomotion and body movements at stance, the head and neck of the horse are
a major craniocaudal and lateral balancing mechanism employing input from the visual …

Simple Summary Horse breeds with alternative lateral gaits, such as the running walk, rack,
broken pace, hard pace, and broken trot, were important historically and are popular today …

Simple Summary Specialized bony structures in the cervical spine are conservative traits in
Equus ferus caballus with the ventral process of C6 being deemed one of the most …

The traditional story of the evolution of the horse (family Equidae) has been in large part
about the evolution of their feet. How did modern horses come to have a single toe (digit III) …

We describe a new macraucheniine macraucheniid, Micrauchenia saladensis gen. et sp.
nov., from the late Miocene (Huayquerian SALMA). This is the first litoptern from Bahía …

In this study, we aimed to achieve three objectives:(1) to precisely characterize the body
plans of Elephantidae and other large herbivorous mammals;(2) based on this analysis, to …

Simple Summary The mammalian body plan is like a 'blueprint'that supports the survival and
procreation of a species. This plan includes specialized bony structures for muscle …

As body size increases, so do the biomechanical challenges of terrestrial locomotion. In the
appendicular skeleton, increasing size is met with allometry of limb posture and structure …

Horses are a classic example of macroevolution in three major traits—large body size, tall-
crowned teeth (hypsodonty), and a single toe (monodactyly)—but how and why monodactyly …