The course of pupillary constriction and dilation provides an easy-to-access, inexpensive,
and noninvasive readout of brain activity. We propose a new taxonomy of factors affecting …

The rapid and coordinated propagation of neural activity across the brain provides the
foundation for complex behavior and cognition. Technical advances across neuroscience …

Behavioral activities that require control over automatic routines typically feel effortful and
result in cognitive fatigue. Beyond subjective report, cognitive fatigue has been conceived as …

Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

Cognitive pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size to investigate cognitive processes
such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others. Currently, there is no …

Rapid variations in cortical state during wakefulness have a strong influence on neural and
behavioural responses and are tightly coupled to changes in pupil size across species …

This review provides an introduction to two eyetracking measures that can be used to study
cognitive development and plasticity: pupil dilation and spontaneous blink rate. We begin by …

Changes in pupil diameter that reflect effort and other cognitive factors are often interpreted
in terms of the activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in the brainstem nucleus locus …

Higher brain function relies upon the ability to flexibly integrate information across
specialized communities of brain regions; however, it is unclear how this mechanism …

Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural
gain is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal …