We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

Members in ensemble forecasts differ due to the representations of initial uncertainties and
model uncertainties. The inclusion of stochastic schemes to represent model uncertainties …

Coupled climate simulations that span several hundred years cannot be run at a high‐
enough spatial resolution to resolve mesoscale ocean dynamics. Recently, several studies …

We address the question of how to use a machine learned (ML) parameterization in a
general circulation model (GCM), and assess its performance both computationally and …

Subgrid parameterizations of mesoscale eddies continue to be in demand for climate
simulations. These subgrid parameterizations can be powerfully designed using physics …

The role of mesoscale eddies is crucial for the ocean circulation and its energy budget. The
sub-grid scale eddy variability needs to be parametrized in ocean models, even at so-called …

The 2021 Nobel prize for physics was awarded to two climate scientists, Syukuro Manabe
and Klaus Hasselmann, and the physicist Giorgio Parisi. While at first sight the work of Parisi …

Numerical computer models play a key role in Earth science. They are used to make
predictions on timescales ranging from short-range weather forecasts to multi-century …

The ocean plays an important role in the climate system on time‐scales of weeks to
centuries. Despite improvements in ocean models, dynamical processes involving …

We present a new energy backscatter parametrization for primitive equation ocean models
at eddy-permitting resolution, specifically for unstructured grids. Traditional eddy …