The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) has been accepted and incorporated in
public policies and regulations in the European Union and elsewhere, but a holistic science …

Jasmonates (JAs)[Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonates (MeJAs)] are known to take
part in various physiological processes. Exogenous application of JAs so far tested on …

Plants attract mutualistic animals by offering a reward of nectar. Specifically, floral nectar
(FN) is produced to attract pollinators, whereas extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates indirect …

Ethylene (ET) is an important hormone in plant responses to microbial pathogens and
herbivorous insects, and in the interaction of plants with beneficial microbes and insects …

It has been known for centuries that floral and extra-floral nectar secreted by plants attracts
and rewards animals. Extra-floral nectar is involved in so-called indirect defense by …

Volatile compounds and extrafloral nectar are common defenses of wild plants; however, in
crops they bear an as-yet underused potential for biological control of pests and diseases …

All mutualistic plant–animal interactions are mediated by costs and benefits in relationships
where resources (from plants) are exchanged by services (from animals). The most common …

Abstract Purpose of Review Natural enemies are an important component for forest
functioning. By consuming herbivores, they can be effective top-down regulators of potential …

Plants are not just passive living beings that exist in nature. They are complex and highly
adaptable species that react sensitively to environmental forces/stimuli with movement …

Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they
release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense …