If the atmosphere of the early Earth was hydrogen-rich, 1 it is reasonable to think that
hydrogenases, the enzymes enabling cells to use molecular hydrogen, were probably …

Iron (Fe) is essential for life because of its role in protein cofactors. Photosynthesis, in
particular photosynthetic electron transport, has a very high demand for Fe cofactors. Fe is …

The ABC superfamily comprises both membrane-bound transporters and soluble proteins
involved in a broad range of processes, many of which are of considerable agricultural …

The solubilization and long-distance allocation of iron between organs and tissues, as well
as its subcellular compartmentalization and remobilization, involve various chelation and …

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily is one of the largest known, with over
120 members in both Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). Most, but not all, ABC …

Transition metals are involved in essential biological processes in plants since they are
cofactors of metalloproteins and also act as regulator elements. Particularly, plant …

In plants iron–sulfur (Fe–S) proteins are found in the plastids, mitochondria, cytosol and
nucleus, where they are essential for numerous physiological and developmental …

Tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll and heme are co-factors for essential proteins involved in
a wide variety of crucial cellular functions. Nearly 2% of the proteins encoded by the …

Abstract Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are ancient, ubiquitous cofactors composed of iron and
inorganic sulfur. The combination of the chemical reactivity of iron and sulfur, together with …

Iron is an essential element for all photosynthetic organisms. The biological use of this
transition metal is as an enzyme cofactor, predominantly in electron transfer and catalysis …