There is growing evidence that oxidative stress contributes to hypertension. Oxidative stress
can precede the development of hypertension. In almost all models of hypertension, there is …

Phagocytes generate superoxide anion (O2−) by a classic, 5-component NADPH oxidase.
O2− contributes to hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Therefore, we …

The kidney plays an essential role in blood pressure regulation by controlling short-term and
long-term NaCl and water balance. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) …

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in various physiological processes in the kidney. In
vivo experiments first suggested that the natriuretic and diuretic effects caused by NO may …

Perfusion of the renal medulla plays an important role in salt and water balance. Pericytes
are smooth muscle-like cells that impart contractile function to descending vasa recta (DVR) …

The unique role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of renal medullary function is supported
by the evidence summarized in this review. The impact of reduced production of NO within …

The balance between vasoconstrictor/sodium-retaining and vasodilator/natriuretic systems
is essential for maintaining body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Natriuretic peptides, such …

The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2; BSC1) is located in the apical membrane of the
epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL). NKCC2 facilitates∼ 20 …

sible for the remaining reduction of NaCl reabsorption are less clearly understood but
micropuncture studies have demonstrated that this occurs in the loops of Henle of deep …

▪ Abstract Macula densa cells are renal sensor elements that detect changes in distal tubular
fluid composition and transmit signals to the glomerular vascular elements. This …