The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-
brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells …

Several pathogens associated with chronic infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in cystic fibrosis pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in …

Respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity
and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. Traditionally, highly …

Oral drug administration is one of the most preferred and simplest routes among both
patients and formulation scientists. Nevertheless, orally delivery of some of the most widely …

Practical Handbook of Microbiology, 4th edition provides basic, clear and concise
knowledge and practical information about working with microorganisms. Useful to anyone …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram‐negative environmental species and an opportunistic
microorganism, establishes itself in vulnerable patients, such as those with cystic fibrosis or …

Pasteurella multocida was first shown to be the causative agent of fowl cholera by Louis
Pasteur in 1881. Since then, this Gram-negative bacterium has been identified as the …

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious
disease for which there is no effective vaccine. This review considers how adhesins, iron …

Secondary bacterial infections often complicate respiratory viral infections, but the
mechanisms whereby viruses predispose to bacterial disease are not completely …

E-cigarette vapour contains free radicals with the potential to induce oxidative stress. Since
oxidative stress in airway cells increases platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) …