Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a 200 year-long research
history. Our understanding about its clinical phenotype and pathogenesis remains limited …

More than 80% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) develop dysphagia during the
course of their disease. Swallowing impairment reduces quality of life, complicates …

Background Although several studies have suggested that abnormalities in gut microbiota
may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD, data are still extremely heterogeneous …

Objectives: Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics in patients
with Parkinson disease (PD) and constipation. Methods: We conducted a tertiary setting …

Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) will typically experience a range of motor
and nonmotor symptoms during the course of their illness, each of which will affect a …

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a prominent manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Gastrointestinal symptoms in PD include reduced salivation, dysphagia, impaired gastric …

A retrospective autopsy-based study of the human submandibular gland, one of the three
major salivary glands, together with anatomically related peripheral structures (cervical …

Background and purpose The majority of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suffer from
gastrointestinal symptoms of which constipation is considered the most prominent. Recently …

A diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is classically established after the manifestation of motor
symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor. However, a growing body of evidence …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease causing both motor and non-
motor symptoms. Drooling, an excessive pooling and spillover of saliva out of the oral cavity …