Biofilms, present as microorganisms and surviving on surfaces, can increase food cross-
contamination, leading to changes in the food industry's cleaning and disinfection dynamics …

Many bacterial species have been found to exist in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state
since its discovery in 1982. VBNC cells are characterized by a loss of culturability on routine …

Under stress conditions, many species of bacteria enter into starvation mode of metabolism
or a physiologically viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Several human pathogenic …

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as major pathogens in healthcare-
associated facilities, being S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and, more recently, S …

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a permanent member of the normal human microbiota,
commonly found on skin and mucous membranes. By adhering to tissue surface moieties of …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature
monocytes and granulocytes that are potent inhibitors of T cell activation. A role for MDSCs …

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are notable for their propensity to
form biofilms on implanted medical devices. Staphylococcal biofilm infections are typified by …

The macrophage response to planktonic Staphylococcus aureus involves the induction of
proinflammatory microbicidal activity. However, S. aureus biofilms can interfere with these …

From birth to death the human host immune system interacts with bacterial cells. Biofilms are
communities of microbes embedded in matrices composed of extracellular polymeric …

Biofilms are adherent communities of bacteria contained within a complex matrix. Although
host immune responses to planktonic staphylococcal species have been relatively well …