This review summarizes our current understanding of translation in prokaryotes, focusing on
the mechanistic and structural aspects of each phase of translation: initiation, elongation …

The high-resolution structures of ribosomal subunits published in 2000 have revolutionized
the field of protein translation. They facilitated the determination and interpretation of …

GTP-binding (G) proteins constitute a class of P-loop (phosphate-binding loop) proteins that
work as molecular switches between the GDP-bound OFF and the GTP-bound ON state. The …

Termination of protein synthesis is not 100% efficient. A number of natural mechanisms that
suppress translation termination exist. One of them is STOP codon readthrough, the process …

After termination, eukaryotic 80S ribosomes remain associated with mRNA, P-site
deacylated tRNA, and release factor eRF1 and must be recycled by dissociating these …

In the early stage of bacterial translation, peptidyl-tRNAs frequently dissociate from the
ribosome (pep-tRNA drop-off) and are recycled by peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. Here, we …

Many antibiotics stop bacterial growth by inhibiting different steps of protein synthesis.
However, no specific inhibitors of translation termination are known. Proline-rich …

Protein synthesis occurs on macromolecular machines, called ribosomes. Bacterial
ribosomes and the translational machinery represent one of the major targets for antibiotics …

Graphene oxide (GO) sheets have been used successfully as a supporting substrate film in
several recent cryogenic electron-microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of challenging biological …

Accurate protein synthesis (translation) relies on translation factors that rectify ribosome
fluctuations into a unidirectional process. Understanding this process requires structural …