Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype of a family of small DNA viruses that
productively infect hepatocytes, the major cell of the liver, and replicate by reverse …

The hepatitis B virus (HBV), discovered in 1966, infects more than 350 million people
worldwide. 1 Hepatitis B is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular …

The liver is a unique anatomical and immunological site in which antigen‐rich blood from
the gastrointestinal tract is pressed through a network of sinusoids and scanned by antigen …

Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the primary cause of cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma and is one of the ten leading causes of death. Traditionally …

Liver tolerance is manifest as a bias toward immune unresponsiveness, both in the context
of a major histocompatibility complex–mismatched liver transplant and in the context of liver …

Highlights•We present an overview of the evolution of the virus world and its multifaceted,
complex interaction with cellular life forms.•Several viral hallmark genes that encode …

Patients and clinicians experience the frustration of cutaneous viral warts caused by
infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). Warts appear in various forms on different …

The use of peptide–human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I tetrameric
complexes to identify antigen-specific CD8+ T cells has provided a major development in …

This review describes the diverse array of pathways and molecular targets that are used by
viruses to elude immune detection and destruction. These include targeting of pathways for …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver inflammation worldwide. Recent
knowledge of the virological and immunological events secondary to HBV infection has …