Multiple mating or group spawning leads to post‐copulatory sexual selection, which
generally favours ejaculates that are more competitive under sperm competition. In four …

Male–female coevolution has taken different paths among closely related species, but our
understanding of the factors that govern its direction is limited. While it is clear that …

Traditionally, it has been assumed that sperm are a vehicle for genes and nothing more. As
such, the only source of variance in offspring phenotype via the paternal line has been …

The rapidly evolving and often extraordinarily complex appearance of male genital
morphology of internally fertilizing animals has been recognized for centuries [1] …

Background Ejaculates contain a diverse mixture of sperm and seminal fluid proteins, the
combination of which is crucial to male reproductive success under competitive conditions …

Male seminal fluid proteins are known to affect female reproductive behavior and physiology
by reducing mating receptivity and by increasing egg production rates. Such substances are …

Background Sexual dimorphism in immunity is believed to reflect sex differences in
reproductive strategies and trade-offs between competing life history demands. Sexual …

Climates are changing rapidly, demanding equally rapid adaptation of natural populations.
Whether sexual selection can aid such adaptation is under debate; while sexual selection …

To mitigate the effects of climate change, it is important to understand species' responses to
increasing temperatures. This has often been done by studying survival or activity at …

It is the differences between sperm and eggs that fundamentally underpin the differences
between the sexes within reproduction. For males, it is theorized that widespread sperm …