The tryptophan–kynurenine pathway (Trp–KYN) is the major route for tryptophan conversion
in the brain and in the periphery. Kynurenines display a wide range of biological actions …

The gut microbiota consists of trillions of microorganisms, fulfilling important roles in
metabolism, nutritional intake, physiology and maturation of the immune system, but also …

Background: The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major catabolic pathway for tryptophan
degradation. The KP plays an important role as the sole de novo nicotinamide adenine …

Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several
metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several …

Kidney diseases have become one of the most common health care problems. Due to a
growing number of advanced aged patients with concomitant disorders the prevalence of …

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has attracted increasing attention as an intervention
in many clinical conditions, including autoimmune, enteroendocrine, gastroenterological …

Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) represents the most common cause of Chronic Kidney
Disease (CKD) in developed countries. Approximately 30% to 40% of diabetes mellitus (DM) …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that affects> 10% of the total
population worldwide or> 800 million people. CKD poses a particularly heavy burden in low …

Background Inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), atherosclerosis and resistant hypertension
(RH) are common features of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to a higher risk of death …

Objective. To explore the correlation of indoleamine‐2, 3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and chronic
kidney disease (CKD). Methods. A total of 154 CKD patients and 42 non‐CKD patients were …