The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2~ 21 kPa) and its ultimate
distribution within mitochondria (as low as~ 0.5–1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended …

Osteocytes, the cells residing within the bone matrix and comprising 90% to 95% of the all
bone cells, have long been considered quiescent bystander cells compared to the …

Studies on primary osteocytes, which compose> 90–95% of bone cells, embedded
throughout the mineralized matrix, are a major challenge because of their difficult …

Though the three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture system has received attention as a
powerful tool for conducting biological research, in vitro bone formation and osteocyte …

Mutations in sclerostin function or expression cause sclerosing bone dysplasias, involving
decreased antagonism of Wnt/Lrp5 signaling. Conversely, deletion of the VHL tumor …

It has been shown that hypoxia stimulation regulates bone formation, maintenance, and
repair. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays important roles in osteoblastic …

MLO-A5 cells are a fully differentiated osteoblastic cell line with the ability to rapidly
synthesise mineralised extracellular matrix (ECM). We used MLO-A5 cells to develop a …

Osteoblasts are believed to differentiate into osteocytes, becoming embedded in bone, or to
undergo apoptosis after the bone formation phase. The regulation of this terminal …

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various cell types, which
makes them attractive for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Encapsulation of …

Osteocytes are terminally differentiated osteoblasts which reside in a mineralized
extracellular matrix (ECM). The factors that regulate this differentiation process are unknown …