Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Since the original descriptions of postconcussive pathophysiology, there has been a
significant increase in interest and ongoing research to study the biological underpinnings of …

Spreading depression (SD) is a transient wave of near-complete neuronal and glial
depolarization associated with massive transmembrane ionic and water shifts. It is …

A modern understanding of how cerebral cortical lesions develop after acute brain injury is
based on Aristides Leão's historic discoveries of spreading depression and asphyxial/anoxic …

Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a highly disabling secondary headache disorder and one
of the most common sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury, also known as concussion …

Focal brain damage after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage predominantly results
from intracerebral haemorrhage, and early and delayed cerebral ischaemia. The …

Spreading depolarizations (SD) are waves of abrupt, near-complete breakdown of neuronal
transmembrane ion gradients, are the largest possible pathophysiologic disruption of viable …

The term spreading depolarization describes a wave in the gray matter of the central
nervous system characterized by swelling of neurons, distortion of dendritic spines, a large …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem that affects all
societies. In recent years, patterns of injury have been changing, with more injuries …

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) and depolarization waves are associated with
dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells …