The collective directional movement of animals occurs over both short distances and longer
migrations, and is a critical aspect of feeding, reproduction and the ecology of many species …

Animals have evolved remarkable biomechanical and physiological systems that enable
their rich repertoire of motion. Animal Locomotion offers a fundamental understanding of …

Animals' abilities to fly long distances and dive to profound depths fascinate earthbound
researchers. Due to the difficulty of making direct measurements during flying and diving …

Animals should maximize their energy uptake while reducing the costs for foraging. For
flower-visitors these costs and benefits are rather straight forward as the energy uptake …

Pollinator responses to floral density have important implications for plant biology. In
particular, a decline in pollinator visitation at low density can cause an Allee effect (a positive …

Animal fliers frequently move through a variety of perturbed flows during their daily aerial
routines. However, the extent to which these perturbations influence flight control and …

Airflow conditions close to the Earth's surface are often complex, posing challenges to flight
stability and control for volant taxa. Relatively little is known about how well flying animals …

A key component of individual fitness is the ability to manage energy stores in response to
variable resource availability, but because directly measuring energy budgets is difficult …

Hummingbirds are very distinctive in their form and behavior, the evolution of which is tightly
connected to the evolution of their primary source of energy—floral nectar. About forty million …

Two styles of bird locomotion, hovering and intermittent flight, have great potential to inform
future development of autonomous flying vehicles. Hummingbirds are the smallest flying …