The digitalisation of the economy increases the vulnerability of both economies in the EU
and the US, as does its transborder dimension. Cyber policy has evolved over time on both …

China's cyber norm-building efforts can be usefully explored based on the concept of the
norm life cycle developed by Finnemore and Sikkink. Although China puts cyber sovereignty …

Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (DEEs) are transforming the economic landscape
through their integration of digital technologies, offering new opportunities for innovation and …

This research seeks to unpack the development of the EU as a security actor in cyberspace.
Drawing on the theoretical approach of role theory, this article shows that the EU's role in …

This article analyses how new open-source intelligence methods democratise and
complement traditional signals intelligence while bundling dispersed expertise required to …

In 2009, Japan began to engage in cybersecurity capacity-building assistance in Southeast
Asia. Based on existing literature, there are three plausible motives for Japan to have done …

Despite the omnipresent practices of cyber operations across countries, China's cyber
pursuit has particularly caught international attention. Its active development of cyber …

This chapter looks at how the EU and NATO respond to hybrid threats. The chapter starts
with a brief discussion of the hybrid terminology. It then analyses the EU response to hybrid …

During the last ten years, the European Union (EU) has emerged as a strong international
actor in the field of cybersecurity. Both the first EU cybersecurity strategy in 2013 and the …

The tenths of millions of casualties of the two World Wars of twentieth century and a
possibility of a thermonuclear war, reminded to the decision-makers and to the politico …