Background & aims Musculoskeletal pain, the most common cause of disability globally, is
most frequently managed in primary care. People with musculoskeletal pain in different body …

The purpose of this comprehensive review is to describe various aspects of crisis of opioid
use in the United States. The obstacles that must be surmounted are primarily inappropriate …

Opioids are a group of analgesic agents commonly used in clinical practice. There are three
classical opioid receptors (DOP, KOP and MOP), while the novel NOP receptor is …

Pain is a complex phenomenon caused by noxious sensory stimuli or neuropathological
mechanisms. An individual's memories, expectations, and emotions modify the experience …

Opioids have been regarded for millennia as among the most effective drugs for the
treatment of pain. Their use in the management of acute severe pain and chronic pain …

Discogenic back pain is multifactorial; hence, physicians often struggle to identify the
underlying source of the pain. As a result, discogenic back pain is often hard to treat—even …

Chronic back pain is among the most common patient complaints. Its prevalence and impact
have spawned a rapidly expanding range of tests and treatments. Some of these have …

Objective. To assess the efficacy of opioids in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP).
Summary of Background Data. Opioids for CLBP has increased dramatically. However, the …

Background The use of opioids in the long‐term management of chronic low‐back pain
(CLBP) has increased dramatically. Despite this trend, the benefits and risks of these …

Chronic low back pain is a common problem in primary care. A history and physical
examination should place patients into one of several categories:(1) nonspecific low back …