The antiporter system xc− imports the amino acid cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into
cells with a 1: 1 counter-transport of glutamate. It is composed of a light chain, xCT, and a …

Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

Müller glial cells span the entire thickness of the tissue, and ensheath all retinal neurons, in
vertebrate retinae of all species. This morphological relationship is reflected by a multitude …

Virtually all pathogenic stimuli activate Müller cells. Reactive Müller cells exert protective
and toxic effects on photoreceptors and neurons. They contribute to oxidative stress and …

Glaucoma is an ocular disorder characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion
cells (RGC) and their axons. There are various hypotheses concerning the cause of RGC …

Compartmentalization of brain ascorbate and glutathione between neurons and glia has
been a source of controversy. To address this question, we determined the ascorbate and …

In addition to photoreceptors and neurons, glial cells (in particular Müller cells) contribute to
the removal and metabolization of neurotransmitters in the neural retina. This review …

Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina, support the synaptic activity by the uptake
and metabolization of extracellular neurotransmitters. Müller cells express uptake and …

[Frontiers in Bioscience 6, e77-92, October 1, 2001] 77 ROLE OF MÜLLER CELLS IN RETINAL
DEGENERATIONS Andreas Bringmann and And Page 1 [Frontiers in Bioscience 6, e77-92 …