Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and
current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions …

Cells must adapt to changes in their environment to maintain cell, tissue and organismal
integrity in the face of mechanical, chemical or microbiological stress. Nuclear factor-κB (NF …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …

Asthma is chronic inflammation of the airways characterized by airway hyper-
responsiveness, wheezing, cough, and dyspnea. Asthma affects> 350 million people …

Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and
hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms associated with the development and progression …

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic
diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and …

Axonal degeneration is a common pathological feature in many acute and chronic
neurological diseases such as spinal cord injury (SCI). SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif …

The membrane receptor Toll and the related Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for
their universal function in innate immunity. However, Toll/TLRs were initially discovered in a …

Inflammation is set off when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Tight
control of the severity, duration, and location of inflammation is an absolute requirement for …