Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable, devastating disorder that is characterized by
pathological protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. In recent …

Alpha-synuclein (αS) is causally involved in the development of Parkinson disease (PD);
however, its role in normal vertebrate physiology has remained unknown. Recent studies …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease attributed
to the synergistic effects of genetic risk and environmental stimuli. Although PD is …

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting up
to 1% of the population above the age of 60 and 4–5% of those above the age of 85. Little …

Epidemiological and histopathological findings have raised the possibility that misfolded α-
synuclein protein might spread from the gut to the brain and increase the risk of Parkinson's …

Abstracts Bowel inflammation, impaired intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB), and gut dysbiosis
could represent early events in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study examined, in a …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a nerve network composed of neurons and glial cells
that regulates the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There is …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. The
typical symptomatology of PD includes motor symptoms; however, a range of nonmotor …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is generally thought to be
caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Emerging evidence …