The persistence of drug taking despite its adverse consequences plays a central role in the
presentation, diagnosis, and impacts of addiction. Eventual recognition and appraisal of …

Understanding the unique functions of different subregions of primate prefrontal cortex has
been a longstanding goal in cognitive neuroscience. Yet, the anatomy and function of one of …

Flexible decision-making requires animals to forego immediate rewards (exploitation) and
try novel choice options (exploration) to discover if they are preferable to familiar …

Reinforcement learning (RL), particularly in primates, is often driven by symbolic outcomes.
However, it is usually studied with primary reinforcers. To examine the neural mechanisms …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by altered emotional and behavioral
responding following a traumatic event. In this article, we review the concepts of latent-state …

Individual preferences for the flavor of different foods and fluids exert a strong influence on
behavior. Most current theories posit that preferences are integrated with other state …

Deciding whether to forego immediate rewards or explore new opportunities is a key
component of flexible behavior and is critical for the survival of the species. Although …

During foraging behavior, action values are persistently encoded in neural activity and
updated depending on the history of choice outcomes. What is the neural mechanism for …

We ubiquitously seek information to make better decisions. Particularly in the modern age,
when more information is available at our fingertips than ever, the information we choose to …

The frontopolar cortex (FPC) is, to date, one of the least understood regions of the prefrontal
cortex. The current understanding of its function suggests that it plays a role in the control of …