Throughout billions of years, biological systems have evolved sophisticated, multiscale
hierarchical structures to adapt to changing environments. Biomaterials are synthesized …

Multiscale structures of biological materials exhibit inherent multifunctional integration. This
special biological solution provides some inspiration for scientists and engineers to design …

This work presents a novel design, additive manufacturing and modeling approach of three
dimensional voronoi-based composite structures that closely mimic nacre's multilayer …

Mineral-based bulk structural materials (MBSMs) are known for their long history and
extensive range of usage. The inherent brittleness of minerals poses a major problem to the …

The hinge of bivalve shells can sustain hundreds of thousands of repeating opening-and-
closing valve motions throughout their lifetime. We studied the hierarchical design of the …

Nacre is a technologically remarkable organic–inorganic composite biomaterial. It consists
of an ordered multilayer structure of crystalline calcium carbonate platelets separated by …

Nacre, the iridescent material in seashells, is one of many natural materials employing
hierarchical structures to achieve high strength and toughness from relatively weak …

Enamel, the hardest tissue in the body, begins as a three-dimensional network of nanometer
size mineral particles, suspended in a protein gel. This mineral network serves as a template …

Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, the iridescent inner layer of many mollusk shells, is a biomineral
lamellar composite of aragonite (CaCO3) and organic sheets. Biomineralization frequently …

Researchers and engineers have been fascinated by the way weak organic and inorganic
components naturally combine to create strong and long-lasting structures for the past few …