Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) linger as a potentially devastating clinical problem. Despite
intense investigation, our understanding of the mechanisms leading to aneurysm …

TWEAK is a multifunctional cytokine that controls many cellular activities including
proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and inflammation. TWEAK …

First described as a weak apoptosis inducer, the TNF superfamily ligand TWEAK has since
emerged as a cytokine that regulates multiple cellular responses, including proinflammatory …

Our immune system performs the vital function of recognizing and eliminating invading
pathogens and malignancies. There is an increasing appreciation that the immune system …

Smoking is an established risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage yet the underlying
mechanisms are largely unknown. Recent data has implicated a role of inflammation in the …

Hereditary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a fatal inflammatory disease and
treatments currently may lead to serious side effects. There is a pressing need for effective …

Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is a debilitating manifestation of SLE which occurs in a
majority of SLE patients and has a variety of clinical manifestations. In the central nervous …

Biomarkers are measurable substances that could be used as objective indicators for
disease diagnosis, responses to treatments, and outcomes predictions. In this review, we …

Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) molecules play an important role in the
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of immune cells into the central …

The low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein (LRP) is a member of the LDL receptor
gene family that binds several ligands, including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) …