The pack ice of Earth's polar oceans appears to be frozen white desert, devoid of life.
However, beneath the snow lies a unique habitat for a group of bacteria and microscopic …

Our environment is essential for not only the quality, but also the persistence of life on Earth.
Three of the most pressing environmental issues facing modern society are climate change …

Exploring the role of enzymes in biogeochemical processes, this reference explores the
function, molecular biology, and biochemistry of microorganisms and their intra-and extra …

Exopolymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms play important roles in
various aquatic, porous, and extreme environments. Only recently has their occurrence in …

Arctic wintertime sea-ice cores, characterized by a temperature gradient of− 2 to− 20° C,
were investigated to better understand constraints on bacterial abundance, activity, and …

The substantial reduction in summer Arctic sea ice extent observed in 2007 and 2008 and its
potential ecological and geopolitical impacts generated a lot of attention by the media and …

Over the past 60 years, concrete infrastructure in cold climates has deteriorated by “salt
scaling,” which is superficial damage that occurs during freezing in the presence of saline …

The scope and individual chapters of this book provide an indication of the importance of
sea ice over a wide range of scales in time and space. Considering the degree to which ice …

While the apparent optical properties of sea ice vary with ice type and temperature
throughout the annual cycle, they depend more fundamentally on how inclusions of brine …

Around Antartica the annual five-fold growth and decay of sea ice is the most prominent
physical process and has a profound impact on marine life there. In winter the pack ice …