The physiological process of biomineralization is complex and deviation from it leads to a
variety of diseases. Progress in the past 10 years has enhanced understanding of the …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising nanoscale therapeutics due to their
intrinsic role as mediators of intercellular communication, regulating tissue development and …

Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and
osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix …

Cardiovascular calcification is a multifaceted disease that is a leading independent predictor
of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have identified a calcification …

Seminal extracellular vesicles (EVs) include exosomes (ø 40–120 nm) and microvesicles
(MVs, ø 120–1000 nm), which would be involved in multiple functional reproductive roles …

Polyelectrolytes such as polyaspartic acid (PAsp) are critical in biomimetic mineralization as
stabilizers of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors and as nucleation inhibitors …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic joint disease that is characterized by joint pain and
stiffness, and limitation of motion and the major cause of disability, which reduces life quality …

Over the past decades, black phosphorus (BP) emerges as an effective photothermal
material with clinically favorable biocompatibility and biodegradation that receives broad …

Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective
tissues (eg, skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as …

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the most widely used metallic biomaterials in total joint
replacement; however, increasing evidence supports the degradation of its surface due to …